Scales

The “Scale” tool is used in layers, to scale selections or paths.
Select the tool in the toolbox and click in the image.
This places 6 cubes around the image and opens the “Scale” dialog.
To scale a layer, selection or path, click and drag with each of these blocks, or you just enter the desired dimensions in the dialog (1).
If you wish to maintain the length / width ratio, select the  “Keep ratio” checkbox (2), keep the Ctrl key on your keyboard pressed, or click the chain icon in the dialog box (2).
When your area decreases (a), you can see the layers adjusting to the size.

 

Shear

With the “Shear” tool we can transform the layer, or the selection or path, in the direction of the x-axis or the y-axis. The x-axis is the horizontal axis, the y-axis is the vertical axis.
First select the tool, and then click and drag the image either down or up. Depending on how you do this, the image will be distorted.
You can enter the Shear Magnitude for the x-axis or the y-axis in the dialog box that appears.
You cannot change the shear of the x-and y-axis together, at a time.
If you want to do this, you need to first do one, and then the other.

 

Perspective

The “perspective” tool is used to include or to change the perspective of a layer, a selection or a path.
Select the tool and click in the image.
In the dialog that appears, you cannot change the perspective of the object. This dialog will only display the information about the changes.
You can only change the perspective by clicking and dragging the corners of the object.
Press the “Enter” key when you are satisfied.

 

Flip

And finally we have the “Flip” tool.
Its functionality seems quite clear.
First select the tool, then select the direction in which you want to flip the picture, which can be either “Horizontal” or “Vertical”.

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